Introduction
A common depressive disorder – depression is the mood disorder which involves from a persistent feeling of a sadness and loss of interest. It is an different form of the mood fluctuations that people regularly experience as a part of the life. Different event of life, such as be reborn or the loss of a job, can also lead to depression. Doctors are the one who only considers the feelings of grief to be part of depression if they persist.Depression is the ongoing problem, not an passing one. It consists of period during which the symptoms last for at least 2 weeks. Depression can last for several weeks, months, or years.’The grey drizzle of horror,” author William Styron memorably called depression. A type of mood disorder may descend seemingly out of the blue, or it may come on the heels of a defeat or personal loss, producing persistent feelings of sadness, worthlessness, hopelessness, helplessness, pessimism , or guilt. The Depression also interferes with the concentration, motivation, and the other aspects of the everyday functioning. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), depression is the leading cause of disability of the worldwide. Globally, more than million people of all the ages suffer from the disorder. The beginning of depression comes into forms when ranging from major depression to dysthymia and theseasonal affective disorder. Depressive period are also a feature of bipolar disorder. Depression is the complex disorder, involving many systems of the body, including the immune system, either as cause or effect. It disrupts sleep and it interferes with appetite; in some of the cases, it also causes weight loss; in others, it contributes to weight gain. Depression is also often accompanied by anxiety. The kind of depression involves the mood and thoughts as well as the body, and it causes pain for both those living with the disorder and those who care about them. Depression is also increasingly common in children. Even in the most of the severe cases, depression is highly treatable. Condition in depression is an often cyclical, and the early treatment may prevent or forestall recurrent state.
Sign and symptoms
Not everyone who is depressed experiences every symptom. Among of the people who experience a few symptoms, some many. The severity of the symptoms varies among individuals and over time. Depression often involves the persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood; feelings of hopelessness or pessimism; and the feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness. It can also involve the loss of interest or pleasure in the hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed, including sex. The decreased energy(power), fatigue, or a sense of being “slowed down” are also common, as are unrestful, biliousness, and difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions. Many in depression have thoughts of death or suicide. The Person who has the depression may experience disruptions in the sleep (insomina, early morning awakening or oversleeping) and in eating behavioural (appetite changes, weight loss or gain). Continuous and permanent physical symptoms may include headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain .The Signs of depression include: A depressed mood, reduction in interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed, there is also loss of sexual desire, changes in famishment, unintentional weight loss or gain, sleeping too much or too little, nagitations, restlessness, and pacing up and down, slowed movement and speech, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty in thinking, concentrating, or own making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or an attempt at suicide.
Cause
There is no single known cause of depression. Rather than, it likely results from a combination of genetic, biologic, environmental, and psychological factors. Many negative experiences—trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation that overwhelms the ability to cope—may trigger a depressive episode. Subsequent depressive state may occur with or without an obvious trigger. Depression isn’t an inevitable result of negative life events.Some types of the depression lead to ruin in families, suggesting there may be some genetic vulnerability of the disorder. The medical community doesn’t fully understand the causes of depression. There are many possible causes, and sometimes, there are various factors combine to the trigger symptoms. Factors that are to be likely to be play as a role include:
Treatment
Depression is the most severe cases, which is a highly treatable disorder. As many illnesses, the earlier treatment begins, the more effective it can be and the greater the likelihood that recurrence can be prevented.
Proper treatment for depression starts from an examination by aphysician. Certain medications (disease), as well as some medical conditions such as viral infections or a thyroid disorder, can also cause the same symptoms as depression and should be ruled out. The doctor should ask about the alcohol and drug use, and whether the patient has thoughts about death or suicide.
Once diagnosed, a person with the depression can be treated in a many of ways. The some of the most common treatments are medication and psychotherapy. Many studies also show that cognitive behavioural psychotherapy is highly effective, alone or in combination with drug therapy.
Psychotherapy tells the thinking patterns that precipitate depression, and studies show that it prevents recurrence. Drug therapy is also helpful in relieving symptoms, such as severe anxiety, so that people can engage in meaningful psychotherapy.
Depression is also treatable, and managing symptoms usually involves three components:
Support: This can range from discussing the practical solutions and possible causes to educating family members.
Psychotherapy: A known as talking therapy, some options include one-to-one counseling and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).
Drug treatment: A doctor may prescribe antidepressants .
Food and diet
Who eats a lot of sugary or processed foods can lead to various physical health problems. According to 2019 study suggest that a diet that includes many of these types of food could affect the mental health of young adults. In the study there also found that eating more of the following foods helped reduce depression symptomsor risk: (1) fruit (2) vegetables (3) fish (4) olive oil
Types of depression
There are several forms of depression. Some of them arehave most common types.
Major depression
A person whom has a major depression experiences a constant state of sadness. In this situation person may lose interest in activities that they used to enjoy. For such depression treatment usually involves medication and psychotherapy.
Persistent depressive disorder
It is also known as dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder and the symptoms seen in last for at least 2 years.
A person with such disorder may have episodes of major depression as well as milder symptoms.
Bipolar disorder
Depression is an common symptom of bipolar disorder, and the research also shows that people with this disorder may have symptoms around half of the time. This can make bipolar disorder hard to differentiate from depression.
Psychotic depression
Some of the people experience psychosis with in depression. Psychosis can also involve in delusions, such as false beliefs and a detachment from reality. It also involves hallucinations — sensing things that do not exist.
Postpartum depression
After giving birth to a child, many women experience what some people call the “baby blues.” When hormone levels readjust after the child birth, changes in mood can result. The postpartum depression , or postnatal depression, is more severe. There are many causes for this type of depression, and it can persist for months or years. Anyone who has experiences ongoing depression after delivery should seek medical attention.
Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern
In Previous time is was called seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, this type of depression is related to the reduction in the daylight during the fall and winter. It lifts during the rest of the year and to light therapy. People who live inthe countries with long or severe winters seem to be affected more by this condition.
Diagnosis
If a person suspects that he or she has symptoms of depression, they should seek professional help from a doctor or mental health specialist.
A qualified health professional can also rule out various causes, which ensure an accurate diagnosis, and provide safe and effective treatment.
Tests
Mental health professionals ask people to complete questionnaires to help in analysis or assess the severity of their depression.
The Beck Depression Inventory is another questionnaire that helps mental health professionals measures a person’s symptoms.
Conclusion
Depression is that the commonest psychiatric disorder reported in most of the community-based studies. It is also reported together of the foremost common psychiatric disorder in an outpatient clinic population and in subjects seen in a various medical and surgical setting. It is also reported to be the most common psychiatric disorder in elderly subjects across various settings. Studies from India have also shown that life events during the amount preceding the onset of depression play a serious role in depression. Studies on women have also shown the importance of identifying risk factors like interpersonal conflicts, marital disharmony and sexual coercion.
There is a need for further study of things like cost, attitude towards treatment, compliance and neurobiological correlates. There is also a need to study the course of depressive disorders in India so as to determine the need and duration of continuation treatment. Studies should also evaluate the cost-effective models of treatment which may be easily utilized in the first care setting to effectively treat depression.
